Prior to Attack on Israel, Majority of Americans Supported Talks with Hamas

Poll finds a majority of Americans value the US security partnership with Israel but say the status quo between Israel and Palestinians is unacceptable.

Before Hamas launched its attack on Israel and the Israeli government declared a state of war, a poll conducted by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs on September 7-18, 2023, showed that Americans value the US security partnership with Israel yet they favor either a two-state or one-state solution to the conflict, rejecting the status quo. While sentiments are shared among Americans of all partisan affiliations, Republicans were far more inclined to support Israel’s position on a range of issues.  

Key Findings 

• Two in three Americans and majorities across political affiliations said the US-Israeli security relationship does more to strengthen (64%) than weaken (32%) US national security.
• At the same time, majorities across political stripes also say the status quo between Israel and the Palestinians is unacceptable. Six in 10 say that either a two-state solution or one-state solution is acceptable.
• Prior to the recent attack by Hamas, six in 10 (57%) said the United States should be ready to meet with leaders of Hamas, including half of Republicans (51%), and majorities of Democrats (61%) and Independents (59%).
• On most other questions there are great partisan differences. While most Americans preferred the United States take neither side in the conflict (64%), Republicans were equally likely to say they should take Israel’s side (49%) as no side (48%).
• As in 2022, six in 10 Democrats (62%) and half of Independents (51%) supported placing restrictions on US military aid to Israel so that Israel cannot use that aid toward military operations against Palestinians. While Republicans opposed (55%), they had become more likely to support restrictions than they had been two years ago (when only 32% did).
• Republicans and Democrats divided most sharply in their opinion of Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu, with 61 percent of Republicans but just 24 percent of Democrats expressing a favorable view.

Most Americans Say Security Relationship with Israel Makes US National Security Stronger

Past Chicago Council Surveys have found that Americans generally feel favorably toward Israel and tend to see Israel as an ally or partner to the United States.1 The 2023 Council poll also reveals that two in three Americans and majorities across political affiliations thought the US-Israeli security relationship does more to strengthen (64%) than weaken (32%) US national security.2 This reading puts Israel on par with other US allies such as Taiwan (65%), Mexico (62%) and Ukraine (60%), and ahead of Saudi Arabia (45%; see appendix Figure 1).

Most Find Status Quo between Israel and the Palestinians Unacceptable

While the security relationship with Israel is viewed favorably, most Americans continued to say the current political situation between Israel and the Palestinian people is an unacceptable solution. When asked whether each of three options – the status quo, a two-state solution or a one-state solution – only a third overall said the status quo is acceptable, up slightly from 2021 (when 26% found this acceptable). Six in 10 stated that either a two-state solution with the establishment of an independent Palestinian state on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip or a one-state solution incorporating both Israeli and Palestinian territories in which Israelis and Palestinians are treated as equal citizens would be acceptable. 

Broken down by political party support, Republicans (53% unacceptable), Democrats (63% unacceptable) and Independents (63% unacceptable) agreed the status quo is not acceptable. But Republicans were somewhat more likely in the 2023 survey than in 2021 to say that the current situation is acceptable (see also Appendix Table 1).  

On a two-state option, half of Republicans (49%) and six in 10 Independents (61%) continued to say it is acceptable, while Democrats were even more favorable toward two states (69% up from 61% in 2021). Attitudes toward a one-state solution had not changed much since 2021, with roughly six in 10 Republicans (56%) and Independents (62%) and somewhat more (66%) Democrats saying a one-state solution is acceptable.   

These results reiterate some of the findings from a June 2023 University of Maryland survey that found a strong majority of Americans (73%)–including 64 percent of Republicans and 80 percent of Democrats–said they would support “a single democratic state in which Jews and non-Jews would be equal, even if that meant Israel would no longer be a politically Jewish state.” Only 17 percent overall (with 27% of Republicans and 12% of Democrats) said they would support “preserving Israel as a politically Jewish state, even if it meant that millions of indigenous non-Jews living under its authority would not have citizenship and equal rights.”  

At Time of Survey, Six in 10 Americans Favored US Meeting with Hamas Leaders 

Reflecting Americans’ rejection of the current political situation, a majority of Americans (57%, the highest percentage yet recorded) said US leaders should be willing to meet and talk with leaders of Hamas. For the first time, a bare majority of Republicans (51%) and the highest recording yet of Independents (59%) thought the US should meet with Hamas leaders. Six in 10 Democrats also agreed (61%) similar to previous levels.  

Half of Republicans, Majority of Democrats Do Not Want to Take Sides

While Americans across political stripes mostly agreed on the importance of Israel as a US security partner and the unsustainability of the status quo, there were much starker partisan differences in other attitudes toward Israel.

Two in three Americans (64%) thought the United States should not take either side in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, up slightly from 2021 (58%) and consistent with previous readings. As they have in past surveys, solid majorities of Democrats and Independents wanted the United States to stay impartial. Relatively few preferred the United States to take the Palestinians’ side, though this was higher among younger Americans.3

At the time of this survey, Republicans were equally likely to say the United States should side with Israel (49%) as say neither side (48%). While this percentage is higher than other partisan supporters, it represents a drop for Republicans; between 2016 and 2021, a majority of GOP supporters favored taking Israel’s side. Similar to their relatively higher support for siding with Israel, a 2021 Chicago Council Survey found a much larger percentage of Republicans (72%) than Independents (49%) or Democrats (41%) who would favor using US troops to help Israel defend itself in the event of an attack from its neighbors (53% of the overall US public) (see also Appendix Figure 2).

In September, Democrats Favored Restrictions in US Military Aid; Republicans Did Not

When asked whether the United States should condition its military aid to prevent Israel from using that assistance in military operations against the Palestinians, a majority of Republicans opposed those restrictions (55%), though they were more likely to support them in the 2023 survey than they were two years ago (42%, up from 32% in 2021). Independents tended to support restrictions on military aid (51%) as did six in 10 Democrats (62%), consistent with survey results in 2021.

Largest Partisan Difference Found in Opinions of Netanyahu

While Republicans and Democrats differ in their views of taking a side in the conflict and restrictions on US military aid, they are farthest apart in their appraisals of Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu. More than twice as many Republicans (61%) as Democrats (24%) have a favorable view, along with 35 percent of Independents.

Conclusion

Hamas’ surprise attack on Israel this past weekend was one of the most startling and unprecedented military incursions to be carried out against Israel since the Yom Kippur War in 1973. In the aftermath of these events, American attitudes toward Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict could have shifted–but it is difficult to predict how. Perhaps, the brazen attack by Hamas could have shifted sympathies among Americans toward Israel; or, it could have called attention to an unsustainable and quickly deteriorating status quo and turned the tide among Americans toward a solution that gives Palestinians equal rights. Regardless, Americans are certain about one thing: something has to change in the ongoing dispute. 

• 1When asked to rate their feelings toward Israel on a thermometer scale in 2022, with zero representing very cold, unfavorable feelings and 100 representing very warm, favorable feelings, Americans rated Israel a 58. This rating was similar to those given to other important US partner countries, including Mexico (61), South Korea (60), and India (55), but significantly below the ratings given to some of America’s closest allies, such as Canada (81) and Great Britain (74). See https://globalaffairs.org/research/public-opinion-survey/americans-split-military-aid-israel-say-political-status-quo
• 2The different countries asked in this question were asked as partial sample batteries. The sample size for these batteries are between 2,400-2,500.
• 3Thirteen percent of Americans between the ages of 18-29 think the US should take the Palestinians’ side in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as compared to the 8 percent of Americans aged 30-44, the 4 percent of Americans aged 45-59, and the 3 percent of Americans over the age of 60. Across Democrats, those that are between the ages of 18-29 are also more likely to say that the US should take the Palestinians’ side in the conflict than their older counterparts (20% of 18-29 vs. 12% of 30-44 vs. 6% of 45-59 vs. 6% of 60+)